Xaaladda dib-u-warshadaynta ee alaabta polyurethane ee Shiinaha
1, warshadda wax soo saarka poliurethane waxay soo saari doontaa tiro badan oo qashinka ah sanad kasta, sababtoo ah xoogaa xoog leh, oo sahlan in dib loo warshadeeyo.Dhirta intooda badani waxay isticmaalaan hababka dib u warshadaynta jirka iyo kiimikaad si ay dib ugu soo kabtaan oo ay dib ugu isticmaalaan alaabta qashinka ah.
2. Wasakhda poliurethane ee ay isticmaalaan macaamiishu si fiican dib uma warshadayn.Waxa jira shirkado ku takhasusay daawaynta wasakhda polyurethane ee dalka Shiinaha, laakiin intooda badan waa kuwo la gubo iyo dib u warshadaynta.
3, waxaa jira jaamacado iyo machadyo cilmi baaris oo badan oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ka go'an tahay in ay raadiyaan tignoolajiyada kiimikada iyo dib u warshadaynta noolaha ee polyurethane, ayaa daabacay natiijooyin waxbarasho oo gaar ah.Laakiin run ahaantii la geliyo codsi baaxad weyn oo aad u yar, Jarmalka H&S ayaa ka mid ah.
4, Soocidda qashinka gudaha ee Shiinaha ayaa hadda bilaabatay, iyo kala soocida ugu dambeysa ee maaddooyinka polyurethane waa mid aad u hooseeya, wayna adagtahay in ganacsiyadu ay sii wadaan helitaanka qashinka polyurethane dib-u-warshadaynta iyo ka faa'iidaysiga dambe.Qalabka wasakhda ah ee aan degganayn ayaa ka dhigaysa mid adag in ganacsigu shaqeeyo.
5. Ma jiro wax lacag ah oo cad oo ku saabsan dib u warshadaynta iyo daaweynta qashinka waaweyn.Tusaale ahaan, joodariyaasha ka samaysan polyurethane, qaboojiyaha qaboojiyaha, iwm, oo leh hagaajinta siyaasadaha iyo silsiladaha warshadaha, shirkadaha dib u warshadaynta waxay heli karaan dakhli badan.
6, Huntsman waxa uu hindisay hab dib loogu warshadeeyo dhalooyinka caagaga ah ee PET, ka dib dhawr habraac oo adag, qaybta falcelinta kiimikaad oo ay la socoto agabka kale ee ceyriinka ah ee falcelinta si loo soo saaro alaabada polyester-ka, maaddooyinka wax soo saarka ilaa 60% dhalooyinka caagagga PET ee dib loo warshadeeyay, iyo polyester polyol waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro walxaha polyurethane mid ka mid ah alaabta ceeriin ee muhiimka ah.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, Huntsman wuxuu si wax ku ool ah dib u warshadeyn karaa 1 bilyan 500ml PET dhalooyin caag ah sannadkii, shantii sano ee la soo dhaafay, 5 bilyan oo caagag PET ah oo dib loo warshadeeyay ayaa loo beddelay 130,000 tan oo badeecooyin polyol ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista agabka daboolka polyurethane.
Dib u warshadaynta jirka
Habkani waa tignoolajiyada dib-u-warshadaynta ugu badan ee la isticmaalo.Xumbada poliurethane ee jilicsan ayaa lagu miiray dhowr sentimitir oo jajab ah burburiyaha, iyo koollada poliurethane ee fal-celiska ah ayaa lagu buufiyaa qasiyaha.Xabagta la isticmaalo guud ahaan waa isku-darka xumbo polyurethane ama prepolymer-ku-saleysan NCO oo ku saleysan polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (PAPI).Marka xabagta PAPI-ku salaysan loo isticmaalo isku-xidhka iyo samaynta, isku-dhafka uumiga sidoo kale waa la qaadi karaa ka dibna cadaadis isku dar ah.
Kuleyliyaha xumbada jilicsan ee polyurethane iyo alaabta polyurethane ee RIM waxay leeyihiin heerkul gaar ah oo caag jilicsan oo kulaylka ah oo heerkulkiisu yahay 100-200 ℃.Heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska sare, qashinka polyurethane waa la isku dhejin karaa iyada oo aan wax dhejis ah lahayn.Si alaabta dib loo warshadeeyay looga dhigo mid la mid ah, qashinka inta badan waa la jajabiyaa ka dibna la kululeeyaa oo la cadaadiyaa.
Xumbo jilicsan ee poliurethane ayaa loo rogi karaa qaybo ganaax ah iyada oo la raacayo heerkulka hooseeya ama habka qashinka, iyo kala firdhinta qaybtan waxaa lagu daraa polyol, kaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu soo saaro xumbo poliurethane ama alaab kale, ma aha oo kaliya in lagu soo celiyo qashinka poliurethane, laakiin sidoo kale si wax ku ool ah loo yareeyo qiimaha alaabta.Maadada budada la miiray ee ku jirta MDI oo ku salaysan qaboojinta xumbada poliurethane ee jilicsan waxay ku kooban tahay 15%, iyo ugu badnaan 25% budada la miiray ayaa lagu dari karaa TDI oo ku salaysan xumbo daaweynaysa kulul.
Dib u warshadaynta Kiimikada
Diol hydrolysis waa mid ka mid ah hababka soo kabashada kiimikada aadka loo isticmaalo.Joogitaanka diols yar yar (sida ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol) iyo kicinta (amines sare, alcoholamine ama organometallic xeryahooda), polyurethane (xumbo, elastomers, RIM alaabta, iwm) waxaa lagu khamriga at heerkul ah oo ku saabsan. 200 ° C dhowr saacadood si aad u hesho polyols dib loo soo kiciyay.Polyols-ka dib loo warshadeeyay waxaa lagu qasi karaa polyols cusub si loo soo saaro walxaha poliurethane.
Xumbo polyurethane waxaa loo bedeli karaa polyols jilicsan ee bilowga ah iyo polyols adag by amination.Amolysis waa nidaam ay xumbada polyurethane ay la falgasho amines inta lagu jiro cadaadiska iyo kuleylka.Amines-ka la isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah dibutylamine, ethanolamine, lactam ama lactam admixture, falcelinta waxaa lagu samayn karaa heerkul ka hooseeya 150 ° C. Alaabta kama dambaysta ah uma baahna nadiifinta xumbo polyurethane ah oo si toos ah loo diyaariyey waxayna si buuxda u bedeli kartaa polyurethane laga diyaariyey asalka asalka ah. polyol.
Dow Chemical waxay soo bandhigtay habka soo kabashada kiimikada amine hydrolysis.Nidaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba tillaabo: qashinka polyurethane wuxuu u kala go'ay isku-ururin sare oo kala firdhiyey aminoester, urea, amine iyo polyol by alkylolamine iyo kicinta;Kadibna falcelinta alkylation ayaa la sameeyaa si looga saaro aminyada udgoonka ee walxaha la soo kabsaday, iyo polyols leh waxqabad wanaagsan iyo midab khafiif ah ayaa la helaa.Habka ayaa soo kabsan kara noocyo badan oo xumbo poliurethane ah, polyol-ka la soo kabsaday waxaa loo isticmaali karaa noocyo badan oo poliurethane ah.Shirkaddu sidoo kale waxay isticmaashaa habka dib-u-warshadaynta kiimikaad si ay u hesho polyols dib loo warshadeeyay oo laga keenay qaybaha RRIM, kuwaas oo dib loo isticmaali karo si kor loogu qaado qaybaha RIM ilaa 30%.
Habka Hydrolysis - Sodium hydroxide waxaa loo isticmaali karaa kicinta hydrolysis si ay u dumiso xumbo jilicsan polyurethane iyo goobooyin adag si loo soo saaro polyols iyo amine intermediates, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo sida alaabta ceeriin ee dib loo warshadeeyay.
Alkalolysis: polyeter iyo alkali birta hydroxide waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida walxaha burburka, kaarboonaytisyada ayaa la saaraa ka dib marka ay xumbadu xumaato si ay u soo kabato polyols iyo diamines udgoon.
Habka isku-darka alkolysis iyo amolysis -- polyether polyol, potassium hydroxide iyo diamine ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida walxaha burburka, iyo adkaha karboonka waa la saaraa si loo helo polyeter polyol iyo diamine.Burburinta xumbo adag lama kala saari karo, laakiin polyeter-ka laga helay falcelinta propylene oxide ayaa si toos ah loo isticmaali karaa si loo sameeyo xumbo adag.Faa'iidooyinka habkani waa heerkulka hoose ee burburka (60 ~ 160 ℃), waqti gaaban iyo xaddi badan oo xumbo burbursan.
Habka fosfooraska alkohol - polyether polyols iyo fosfate ester halogenated sida wakiilada qudhuntay, alaabta qudhuntay waa polyols polyether iyo fosfooraska ammonium adag, kala saarid fudud.
Reqra, oo ah shirkad Jarmal ah oo dib u warshadaynta, waxay kor u qaadaysaa tignoolajiyada dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka polyurethane ee qiimaha jaban ee dib u warshadaynta qashinka kabaha poliurethane.Tignoolajiyadan dib-u-warshadaynta, qashinka ayaa marka hore la jajabiyaa qaybo 10mm ah, waxaa lagu kululeeyaa reactor-ka leh dareere si dareeraha loo daadiyo, ugu dambeyntiina waa la soo kabsaday si loo helo polyols dareere ah.
Habka burburka Phenol - Japan waxay lumin doontaa xumbo jilicsan oo jilicsan oo poliurethane ah oo la jajabiyey oo lagu qaso phenol, lagu kululeeyo xaaladaha acidic, carbamate bond jabay, oo ay weheliso kooxda phenol hydroxyl, ka dibna ay la falgasho formaldehyde si ay u soo saarto resin phenolic, ku dar hexamethylenetetramine si ay u xoojiso, waxay noqon kartaa lagu diyaariyey xoog wanaagsan iyo adayg, kulayl aad u fiican oo caabbinta phenolic.
Pyrolysis - xumbo jilicsan polyurethane ayaa lagu burburin karaa heerkulka sare ee xaaladaha hawada ama anaerobic si loo helo walxaha saliidda leh, iyo polyols waxaa lagu heli karaa kala-bax.
Soo kabashada kulaylka iyo daawaynta qashinka
Ka soo kabashada tamarta qashinka poliurethane waa tignoolajiyada deegaanka u fiican oo qiimo leh.Guddiga Dib-u-warshadaynta Polyurethane ee Maraykanka ayaa samaynaya tijaabo kaas oo 20% qashinka poliurethane jilicsan lagu daro gubi qashinka adag.Natiijadu waxay muujisay in dambaska hadhaaga ah iyo qiiqa sii daaya ay wali ku jiraan shuruudaha deegaanka ee la cayimay, kulaylka la sii daayay ka dib markii lagu daray qashinka qashinka ayaa si weyn u badbaadiyay isticmaalka shidaalka fosil.Wadamada Yurub, sida Sweden, Switzerland, Germany iyo Denmark ayaa sidoo kale tijaabinaya tignoolajiyada isticmaala tamarta laga helay gubashada qashinka nooca polyurethane si ay u bixiyaan koronto iyo kulayl.
Xumbada poliurethane waxaa lagu shubi karaa budo, kaligeed ama balaastiig kale oo wasakh ah, si loogu beddelo budada dhuxusha wanaagsan oo lagu gubo foornada si loo soo kabsado tamarta kulaylka.Waxtarka gubashada ee bacriminta polyurethane waxaa lagu hagaajin karaa micropowder.
Maqnaanshaha oksijiinta, heerkulka sare, cadaadiska sare iyo kicinta, xumbo polyurethane jilicsan iyo elastomers ayaa si heerkul ah u burburin kara si loo helo gaaska iyo alaabta saliidda.Saliida burburka kulaylka ee ka dhalata waxay ka kooban tahay qaar ka mid ah polyols, kuwaas oo la sifeeyay oo loo isticmaali karo quudin ahaan, laakiin guud ahaan loo isticmaalo sida saliidda shidaalka.Habkani wuxuu ku habboon yahay dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka isku dhafan ee balaastiga kale.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kala-goynta polymerka nitrogenous sida xumbo polyurethane ayaa hoos u dhigi karta kicinta.Ilaa hadda habkan si weyn looma qaadan.
Maadaama poliurethane uu yahay polymer-ka nitrogen-ku jira, iyada oo aan loo eegin habka soo kabashada gubashada ee la isticmaalo, xaaladaha gubasho ee ugu fiican waa in la isticmaalo si loo yareeyo jiilka nitrogen oxides iyo amines.Foornooyinka gubanaya waxay u baahan yihiin in lagu rakibo qalabka daaweynta gaaska qiiqa ee habboon.
Qadar badan oo qashinka xumbo polyurethane ah ayaa hadda lagu daadiyaa qashinka.Qaar ka mid ah xumbo dib loo warshadayn maayo, sida xumbo polyurethane oo loo isticmaalo sariiraha abuurka.Sida balaastikada kale, haddii maaddadu ay had iyo jeer ku xasilloon tahay deegaanka dabiiciga ah, waxay ku ururin doontaa waqti ka dib, waxaana jira cadaadis deegaanka.Si loo burburiyo qashinka poliurethane ee qashin-qubka ee xaaladaha dabiiciga ah, dadku waxay bilaabeen inay horumariyaan resin polyurethane biodegradable.Tusaale ahaan, molecules-ka polyurethane waxaa ku jira karbohaydrayt, cellulose, lignin ama polycaprolactone iyo xeryahooda kale ee biodegradable.
Horumarka dib u warshadaynta
Sannadkii 2011, ardayda jaamacadda Yale waxay sameeyeen cinwaanno markii ay heleen fungus la yiraahdo Pestalotiopsis microspora gudaha Ecuador.Fungusku wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu dheefshiido oo uu jebiyo caagagga poliurethane, xitaa jawi aan hawo lahayn (anaerobic), kaas oo xitaa ka dhigi kara inuu ka shaqeeyo gunta hoose ee qashinka.
Inkasta oo borofisarkii hoggaaminayey socdaalka cilmi-baarista uu ka digay in wax badan laga filayo natiijooyinka muddada gaaban, ma jirto wax diidmo ah rafcaanka fikradda ah mid degdeg ah, nadiif ah, waxtar lahayn oo aan lahayn hab dabiici ah oo lagu tuuro qashinka caaga ah. .
Dhowr sano ka dib, naqshadeeye Katharina Unger oo ka tirsan LIVIN Studio waxay la kaashatay waaxda microbiology-ga ee Jaamacadda Utrecht si loo bilaabo mashruuc la yiraahdo Fungi Mutarium.
Waxay isticmaaleen mycelium (qaybta tooska ah, qaybta nafaqada ee boqoshaada) ee laba boqoshadood oo aad loo isticmaalo, oo ay ku jiraan boqoshaada lohodka iyo schizophylla.Muddo dhowr bilood ah, fangaska ayaa gebi ahaanba hoos u dhigay qashinka caagga ah isaga oo si caadi ah u koraya agagaarka daloolka AGAR ee la cuni karo.Sida muuqata, balaastiggu wuxuu u noqdaa cunto fudud mycelium.
Cilmi-baarayaal kale ayaa sidoo kale sii wada inay ka shaqeeyaan arrinta.Sannadkii 2017, Sehroon Khan, oo ah saynisyahan ka tirsan Xarunta Agroforestry ee Adduunka, iyo kooxdiisu waxay heleen fangaska kale ee caagga ah, Aspergillus tubingensis, oo ku yaal meel qashinka lagu daadiyo oo ku taal Islamabad, Pakistan.
Fungusku wuxuu ku kori karaa tiro badan polyester polyurethane laba bilood gudahood wuxuuna u kala jajabiyaa qaybo yaryar.
Koox ka tirsan Jaamacadda Illinois, oo uu hoggaamiyo Professor Steven Zimmerman, ayaa sameeyay hab lagu burburiyo qashinka polyurethane oo loogu beddelo alaabooyin kale oo faa'iido leh.
Ardayga qalin jabiyay Ephraim Morado wuxuu rajeynayaa inuu xalliyo dhibaatada qashinka polyurethane isagoo kiimiko dib u soo celinaya polymers.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, polyurethane aad bay u deggan yihiin oo waxay ka samaysan yihiin laba qaybood oo ay adag tahay in la burburiyo: isocyanates iyo polyols.
Polyols waa furaha sababtoo ah waxay ka soo jeedaan batroolka si fududna uma dhimaan.Si looga fogaado dhibaatadan, kooxdu waxay qaateen unug kiimiko ah oo loo yaqaan 'acetal unit' kaas oo si fudud u xaalufiyey oo biyo-milmi kara.Alaabooyinka nabaad-guurka ah ee polymers-ka kala diri leh ee leh trichloroacetic acid iyo dichloromethane ee heerkulka qolka ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro walxo cusub.Sida caddaynta fikradda, Morado wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu u beddelo elastomers, kuwaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo baakadaha iyo qaybaha baabuurta, oo u beddelo koolada.
Laakiin cilladda ugu weyn ee habkan cusub ee soo kabashada waa qiimaha iyo sunta alaabta ceeriin ee loo isticmaalo in lagu fuliyo falcelinta.Sidaa darteed, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay hadda isku dayayaan in ay helaan hab ka wanaagsan oo ka jaban si ay u gaaraan hab isku mid ah iyaga oo isticmaalaya dareeraha khafiifka ah (sida khalka) si loo burburiyo.
Qaar ka mid ah isku dayga shirkadda
1. Qorshaha cilmi baarista PURESmart
2. Mashruuca FOAM2FOAM
3. Tenglong Brilliant: Dib-u-warshadaynta alaabada dahaarka polyurethane ee qalabka dhismaha ee soo baxaya
4. Adidas: Kabo orod ah oo gebi ahaanba dib loo warshadayn karo
5. Salomon: Dib u warshadaynta kabaha TPU ee buuxa si ay u sameeyaan kabaha barafka
6. Cosi: Chuang wuxuu la shaqeeyaa guddiga dib u warshadaynta joodariga si kor loogu qaado dhaqaalaha wareegtada
7. Shirkadda H&S ee Jarmalka: Tignoolajiyada polyurethane foam alcoholysis ee farsamaynta joodariyadaha isbuunyada
Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-30-2023